Red kite (Milvus milvus) collision risk is higher at wind turbines with larger rotors and lower clearance, evidenced by GPS tracking
Wind turbines are vital for renewable energy but pose risks to wildlife, especially birds and bats. This study recorded 41 confirmed collisions of GPS-tracked Red Kites (Milvus milvus) with wind turbines across Europe (2017–2024). Collisions occurred year-round, peaking during spring and autumn migrations. Rotor clearance and diameter were key predictors: larger rotor diameters increased collision risk, while higher clearances reduced it. A 25.5 m increase in rotor diameter led to a fivefold rise in collision probability; mitigating this would require a 19.3 m increase in clearance. Collision risk varied more between wind parks than individual birds. No significant effects were found for weather or local turbine density. Turbines with rotor diameters ≤90 m and clearances ≥60 m may pose lower risks to Red Kites.
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